Biography of Benito Mussolini, Italian Fascist Dictator

Biography of Benito Mussolini, Italian Fascist Dictator Benito Mussolini (July 29, 1883–April 28, 1945) served as Italy’s 40th prime minister from 1922 to 1943. As a close ally of Adolf Hitler during World War II, he is considered a central figure in the birth of European fascism. In 1943, Mussolini was replaced as prime minister and served as the head of the Italian Social Republic until his capture and execution by Italian partisans in 1945. Fast Facts: Benito Mussolini Known For: Mussolini was a fascist dictator who ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943.Also Known As: Benito Amilcare Andrea MussoliniBorn: July 29, 1883 in Predappio, ItalyParents: Alessandro and Rosa MussoliniDied: April 28, 1945 in Giulino, ItalySpouse(s): Ida Dalser (m. 1914), Rachelle Guidi (m. 1915-1945)Children: Benito, Edda, Vittorio, Bruno, Romano, Anna Maria Early Life Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was born on July 29, 1883, in Predappio, a hamlet above Verano di Costa in northern Italy. Mussolini’s father Alessandro was a blacksmith and an ardent socialist who scorned religion. His mother Rosa Maltoni was an elementary school teacher and a devout Catholic. Mussolini had two younger siblings: brother Arnaldo and sister Edvidge. Growing up, Mussolini proved to be a difficult child. He was disobedient and had a quick temper. Twice he was expelled from school for assaulting fellow students with a penknife. Despite all the trouble he caused, however, Mussolini still managed to obtain a diploma and even worked for a short time as a school teacher. Socialist Leanings Looking for better job opportunities, Mussolini moved to Switzerland in July 1902. There he worked a variety of odd jobs and spent his evenings attending local socialist party meetings. One of his jobs was working as a propagandist for a bricklayer trade union. Mussolini took a very aggressive stance, frequently advocated violence, and urged a general strike to create change, all of which led to him being arrested several times. Between his turbulent work at the trade union during the day and his many speeches and discussions with socialists at night, Mussolini soon made enough of a name for himself in socialist circles that he began writing and editing several socialist newspapers. In 1904, Mussolini returned to Italy to serve his conscription requirement in Italy’s peace-time army. In 1909, he lived for a short time in Austria working for a trade union. He wrote for a socialist newspaper and his attacks on militarism and nationalism resulted in his expulsion from the country. After he returned to Italy, Mussolini continued to advocate for socialism and develop his skills as an orator. He was forceful and authoritative, and while frequently wrong in their facts, his speeches were always compelling. His views and his oratory skills quickly brought him to the attention of his fellow socialists. On December 1, 1912, Mussolini began work as the editor of the Italian Socialist newspaper Avanti! Changing Views In 1914, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand set off a chain of events that culminated in the start of World War I. On August 3, 1914, the Italian government announced it would remain strictly neutral. Mussolini initially used his position as editor of Avanti! to urge fellow socialists to support the government in its position of neutrality. However, his views of the war soon changed. In September 1914, Mussolini wrote several articles supporting those who were backing Italy’s entry into the war. Mussolini’s editorials caused an uproar among his fellow socialists and in November of that year after a meeting of the party executives, he was formally expelled from the party. Wounding On May 23, 1915, the Italian government ordered the general mobilization of armed forces. The next day, Italy declared war on Austria, officially joining World War I. Mussolini, accepting his call to the draft, reported for duty in Milan on August 31, 1915, and was assigned to the 11th Regiment of the Bersaglieri (a corps of sharpshooters). During the winter of 1917, Mussolini’s unit was field testing a new mortar when the weapon exploded. Mussolini was severely wounded, with more than 40 pieces of shrapnel embedded in his body. After a long stay at a military hospital, he recovered from his injuries and was discharged from the Army. Turn to Fascism After the war, Mussolini, who had become decidedly anti-socialist, began to advocate for a strong central government in Italy. Soon he was also advocating for a dictator to lead that government. Mussolini wasnt the only one ready for a major change. World War I had left Italy in shambles and people were looking for a way to make the country strong again. A wave of nationalism swept across Italy and many people began to form local nationalist groups. It was Mussolini who, on March 23, 1919, personally assembled these groups into a single, national organization under his leadership. Mussolini called this new group Fasci di Combattimento (the Fascist Party). Mussolini formed groups of marginalized ex-servicemen into squadristi. As their numbers grew, the squadristi were reorganized into the Milizia Volontaria per la Sicuressa Nazionale, or MVSN, which would later serve as Mussolini’s national security apparatus. Dressed in black shirts or sweaters, the squadristi earned the nickname â€Å"Blackshirts.† The March on Rome In the summer of 1922, the Blackshirts made a punitive march through the provinces of Ravenna, Forli, and Ferrara in northern Italy. It was a night of terror; squads burned down the headquarters and homes of every member of both socialist and communist organizations. By September 1922, the Blackshirts controlled most of northern Italy. Mussolini assembled a Fascist Party conference on October 24, 1922, to discuss a coup de main or â€Å"sneak attack† on the Italian capital of Rome. On October 28, armed squads of Blackshirts marched on Rome. Although badly organized and poorly armed, the move left the parliamentary monarchy of King Victor Emmanuel III in confusion. Mussolini, who had stayed behind in Milan, received an offer from the king to form a coalition government. Mussolini then proceeded to the capital supported by 300,000 men and wearing a black shirt. On October 31, 1922, at the age of 39, Mussolini was sworn in as prime minister of Italy. Il Duce After elections were held, Mussolini controlled enough seats in parliament to appoint himself Il Duce (the leader) of Italy. On January 3, 1925, with the backing of his Fascist majority, Mussolini declared himself dictator of Italy. For a decade, Italy prospered in peace. However, Mussolini was intent on turning Italy into an empire and to do that the country needed a colony. In October 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia. The conquest was brutal. Other European countries criticized Italy, especially for the nations use of mustard gas. In May 1936, Ethiopia surrendered and Mussolini had his empire. This was the height of Mussolinis popularity; it all went downhill from there. Mussolini and Hitler Out of all the countries in Europe, Germany had been the only one to support Mussolinis attack on Ethiopia. At that time, Germany was led by Adolf Hitler, who had formed his own fascist organization, the National Socialist German Worker’s Party (commonly called the Nazi  Party). Hitler admired Mussolini; Mussolini, on the other hand, did not like Hitler at first. However, Hitler continued to support and back Mussolini, such as during the war in Ethiopia, which eventually swayed Mussolini into an alliance with him. In 1938, Italy passed the Manifesto of Race, which stripped Jews in Italy of their Italian citizenship, removed Jews from government and teaching jobs, and banned intermarriage. Italy was following in the footsteps of Nazi Germany. On May 22, 1939, Mussolini entered into the â€Å"Pact of Steel† with Hitler, which essentially tied the two countries in the event of war- and war was soon to come. World War II On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland, initiating the Second World War. On June 10, 1940, after witnessing Germany’s decisive victories in Poland and France, Mussolini issued a declaration of war on France and Britain. It was clear from the very beginning, however, that Mussolini was not an equal partner with Hitler- and Mussolini did not like that. Over time, Mussolini became frustrated both with Hitlers successes and with the fact that Hitler kept most of his military plans a secret from him. Mussolini looked for a means of emulating Hitler’s accomplishments without letting Hitler know about his plans. Against the advice of his army commanders, Mussolini ordered an attack against the British in Egypt in September 1940. After initial successes, the attack stalled and German troops were sent to reinforce the deteriorating Italian positions. Embarrassed by his armies’ failure in Egypt, Mussolini, against the advice of Hitler, attacked Greece on October 28, 1940. Six weeks later, this attack stalled as well. Defeated, Mussolini was forced to ask the German dictator for assistance. On April 6, 1941, Germany invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece, ruthlessly conquering both countries and rescuing Mussolini from defeat. Italy Revolts Despite Nazi Germanys victories in the early years of World War II, the tide eventually turned against Germany and Italy. By the summer of 1943, with Germany bogged down in a war of attrition with Russia, Allied forces began bombing Rome. Members of the Italian Fascist council turned against Mussolini. They convened and moved to have the king resume his constitutional powers. Mussolini was arrested and sent to the mountain resort of Campo Imperatore in Abruzzi. On September 12, 1943, Mussolini was rescued from imprisonment by a German glider team commanded by Otto Skorzey. He was flown to Munich and met with Hitler shortly thereafter. Ten days later, by order of Hitler, Mussolini was installed as head of the Italian Social Republic in Northern Italy, which remained under German control. Death On April 27, 1945, with Italy and Germany on the brink of defeat, Mussolini attempted to flee to Spain. On the afternoon of April 28, on their way to Switzerland to board a plane, Mussolini and his mistress Claretta Petacci were captured by Italian partisans. Driven to the gates of the Villa Belmonte, they were shot to death by a partisan firing squad. The corpses of Mussolini, Petacci, and other members of their party were driven by truck to the Piazza Loreto on April 29, 1945. Mussolinis body was dumped ​in the road and people of the local neighborhood abused his corpse. Some time later, the bodies of Mussolini and Petacci were hung upside down in front of a fueling station. Although they were initially buried anonymously in the Musocco cemetery in Milan, the Italian government allowed Mussolini’s remains to be re-interred in the family crypt near Verano di Costa on August 31, 1957. Legacy Although Italian Fascism was defeated during World War II, Mussolini has inspired a number of neo-fascist and far-right organizations in Italy and abroad, including the People of Freedom party and the Italian Social Movement. His life has been the subject of several documentaries and dramatic films, including Vincere and Benito. Sources Bosworth, R. J. B.  Mussolini. Bloomsbury Academic, 2014.Hibbert, Christopher.  Benito Mussolini: a Biography. Penguin, 1965.

American Colonies

The American Revolution can be considered as the most important event within American history. Through this event, a collection of colonies transformed themselves into a unified government and society, one that embarked on the longest and most successful demonstration of democracy in world history. During the 18th century, England and France were embroiled in a series of wars that were ultimately meant to establish one or the other as the dominant European force. The first three wars had no true impact on the colonies, but the last war – the French and Indian War – would lead to a huge change in the relationship between the colonies and England. During the early years of the war, prior to 1758, the colonists continued trading with the French while refusing to contribute money to the British war effort. The first problem was solved through the efforts of the William Pitt, Prime Minister of England. He offered to reimburse the latter for part of any war expenses they incurred on behalf of England. The second issue resolved itself through victories the English had in Canada and the Caribbean. Unfortunately, the English did not realize that their war policies would end up putting their realm in severe debt. Once it was realized, however, it opened the door for reform programs that would ultimately push the American colonies to seek independence from England. Following William Pitt as Prime Minister were several men, all of whom tried to enforce strict laws on the American colonies with the goals of replenishing the English treasury and reestablishing English authority over the colonies. The first of these men was George Grenville, who became Prime Minister following William Pitt. Grenville assessed the situation in the following manner: the colonies had an extremely light tax burden as compared to that being endured by the English; therefore, it would be logical for the prosperous colonies to share in the expenses that had been racked up trying to defend and protect them. Grenville further discovered how lax the royal customs service in the American colonies was. This, combined with the need for England to replenish its treasury, lead to the implementation of several acts that would meet with ever increasing anger and protest on the part of the American colonists. First, Grenville saw to it that the Navigation Acts that had been ignored for so long were now implemented to the last letter. Next was the passage of the Sugar Act in 1764, which put new taxes on foreign imports such as wine, textiles, coffee, indigo, and sugar. The goal behind this particular tax was to bring in enough money to offset the expenses of â€Å"defending, protecting and securing† (Shi Tindall, 2007) the colonies. Following the Sugar Act was the Currency Act of 1764, which put a stop to the colonies printing their own paper money. Following the implementation of the Sugar Act was the Stamp Act of 1765. This act stated that all printed material within the colonies had to had a revenue stamp on them. The final act implemented by Grenville was the Quartering Act, which applied to all colonies, but most seriously affected New York. It required that soldiers of the British army be given lodging within the homes of any colonial family at any given time. In the minds of the colonists, all these various acts infringed on their rights. They strongly believed that England had no right to tax them if the colonists had no representation within the English Parliament. Therefore, each act that was passed was met with great protest and outrage within the colonies. Eventually, the slogan that could be heard throughout the colonies was: â€Å"No taxation without representation† (Shi Tindall, 2007). The outrage over the various acts, particularly the Sugar and Stamp Acts, ultimately led to the downfall of Grenville, and the repeal of these two offensive acts. However, Grenville’s successor went down the same path in passing the Townshend Acts. These laws were intended to bring the colonies, particularly New York, to heel. Instead, they simply increased colonial resentment and resistance. Yet, the level of resentment and resistance varied among the colonists. John Adams stated during the first Continental Congress that, with regard to where the colonists stood on independence, one third were for independence, one third were against independence, and the final third were undecided. Adams was extremely accurate in this statement. From the start, there had been a select group of colonists that agitated for immediate independence in response to the way Parliament and England treated them. Just as adamant were a group who believed that the colonies owed everything to England, and therefore, could not see breaking away from England as a good thing. Finally, there was the group who could not decide either way. Like all undecided groups, they could see valid points on each side of the issue, but were unable to make a definitive choice. Ultimately, one of the deciding factors that rallied all the colonists to approve gaining independence from England was Thomas Paine’s Common Sense. In this pamplet, Paine outlined points that the majority of the colonists agreed with. He did not just attack Parliament, but also the concept of monarchy. For Paine, the responsibility for the troubles in the colonies did not just lay at the feet of Parliament, but also at the feet of King George III himself. Paine used his pamphlet to present the following conclusion: â€Å"Americans should consult their own interests, abandon George III, and declare their independence† (Shi Tindall, 2007). Another aspect that unified the majority of American colonists in seeking independence was the outbreak of war in Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. These two battles occurred before a formal break with England had been pronounced. The fact that English soldiers would attempt to initiate warfare with the colonists before they had even completely decided on breaking away from England was more than enough evidence that England did not have any consideration for the colonial point of view. Therefore, the formal break England thought would never occur did occur via the writing and proclaiming of the Declaration of Independence in July of 1776. Overall, the American Revolution occurred for one reason: it was the right time and moment to establish country that ruled in a manner completely different from the norm of monarchy. Many of those watching the Revolution unfold believed it was nothing more than an experiment in the misguided concept of democracy that would ultimately fail. Yet, that it did not fail is a testament to the hard work of and constant discussing and debating of the issues by the colonists. They took what they felt was best from monarchical government and adapted it to fit into a new, democratic form of government and society, one in which all inhabitants of that society would have a say in the governing of that society. This is the legacy of the American Revolution: the ability of Americans to utilize the democratic process in governing of America. Shi, David Emory and Tindall, George Brown. America: A Brief Narrative History- Volume One. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2007.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business - Essay Example Due to the widespread interconnectivity provided to the masses by the high speed internet services, the various geographical boundaries and barriers are becoming increasingly less important. As such, the world is turning into what can only be described as a type of global village where nations highly interconnected with one another and their strategies and plans have the power to impact millions of lives on the face of the earth (Desai 2012, p.115). Likewise, the economic, political, social and technological factors of a particular nation can prove to be beneficial as well as competitive to many other nations, who are developing and emerging at varying paces or have established themselves in a more secured manner over the time as compared to others. As such, this brief will consider the emergent case of the economy of India. India is comprised of one of the most attractive markets that fall in the category of the fastest emerging markets around the world. With a GDP of over $1.8 tril lion, the Indian market looks extremely attractive for investments by foreign institutional investors (Mukherjee 2009, p. 59). Apart from that, because of the highly diversified population mix and increasing per capita income, India has emerged as a unique market for consumables for multinationals around the globe. This provides corporations with opportunities to acquire growth and generate revenue from such a high opportunity market. However, for a better understanding of the â€Å"India advantage†, as some commentators have called it, in terms of emerging market, a PEST analysis is required. Political The political parties of India have to help and to shape the development of the various factors that contributed to the process of economic development within India as an important emerging market in the global forum. The most important contribution that has been made by the political parties in the development of the Indian nation is the process of opening up of the Indian ec onomy in the early 1990’s. The opening up of the Indian economies contributed to the a greatly in flow of foreign funds. These foreign funds and investment naturally contributed to the overall growth and development of the nation over the past two decades. Likewise, the various political powers played a large role within the process of formation of various favorable trade policies and agreements that

Implementation of strategy in FlyBe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Implementation of strategy in FlyBe - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in the line of the fact that a strategy needs to be selected in order to fuel the growth of Flybe, the strategy that needs to be selected is a strategy that will help the company in consolidating the business on the home front. Given the riskiness of the business in which the company is operating and the fact that the country in which the company operates has not recovered fully from the clutches of recession this seems as the best available strategy. It is required that following the loss that the company suffered in the year 2013, the company should focus on consolidating the financial position first of all. Although the company has seen profit in the year 2014, it is still very risky to venture into a new market just yet. Another fact which makes the decision of entering the market still far fledged decision for the company is the fact that the Asian market is a relatively new market for the company. So the returns from the Asian market will be rather s low to come by as opposed to the strategy that involves the domestic market. In view of this case, the strategy for the domestic that aims at consolidation of the operations in the domestic market is the strategy that should be chosen for implementation. The strategy that aims at consolidating the business of the company involves several steps such as remove the unprofitable routes, introduce marketing coupons and discount coupons that will help in making the routes more attractive to the customers etc. In implementing the strategies there are several issues that will arise which might hinder the implementation of the strategy. There are also some factors or issues that will help or synergies the implementation of the strategies.

The Impact of Information Technology on the UK Financial Sector :: Business and Management Studies

The Impact of Information Technology on the UK Financial Sector I have studied that in business, information technology can be used if effective in a strategic way in order to gain a competitive advantage and this can be seen in the UK financial services. In such an industry it can be said to be one of the most dynamic and rapidly growing sectors of the economy. Such a rate of change and growth has created a prolific environment for the innovation of information technology. The application of information technology has had a qualitative impact by changing the mode of operation in the financial sector, modifying the range of services provided and linking together geographically isolated financial hubs into a global financial community in order to trade 24 hours a day. For the past two decades organisations have noted that information technology is important for profitability on both the cost and revenue side. In the financial services sector costs arise from two broad areas of operation: those connected with the management of information, and those with the execution of transactions. Financial services have always been a labour-intensive industry. The rising cost of labour, relative to the cost of other factors of production, has imposed a burden of rising costs as a proportion of total revenue earned in such organisations as retail banks. The function of IT has been one very important way in which financial services firms have sought to contain their costs. For example, in commercial banking the application of successive generations of computerisation since the early 1960’s has dramatically reduced the size of ‘back-office’ staffing, while the growth of expensive paper-based systems for money transmission (cheque and credit clearing systems) has been curtailed by the development of paperless computerised payment systems such as BACS (Bankers Automated Clearing System) in the UK and the development of EFTPoS (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale) systems. The role of information technology has grown and changed continuously in the banking sector. The banking industry has used IT to enable increases in the volume of transactions as well as the development of new products; applications have ranged from back-office (check and accounts) processing, mortgage and loan application processing, and the electronic funds transfer to more strategic innovations such as automated teller machines and new kinds of securities. The use of IT has also had some important customer - supplier effects. For the customers of service providers, it has been used to improve the quality and variety of services in many industries, especially through its ability to amass, analyse, and control large quantities of specialised data. Such improvements include error reduction or increased precision, faster or more convenient service, and improved

Ella Baker Essay

Ella Baker embodies the theme of strength in the face of adversity in Joanne Grant’s novel Ella Baker: Freedom Bound. Ella Baker comes from a long line of strong women who taught her to stand up for what she felt was good and right. As Ella Baker encounters racial discord in the twentieth century, she draws up on the strength of her mother, her grandmother and her aunts. She also remembers the strength that was passed down from her grandfather and uncle. As a result of her great strength she is able to teach others about nurturing equality among all people. Ella Baker spent her adult years organizing people to fight for equality but this fight wasn’t always easy. Ella Baker was a black woman facing all the struggles that black people went through prior to and just after the Civil Rights Movement. She can be compared to Martin Luther King Jr. because of her tenaciousness and unwillingness to give up the fight. However, Baker faced gender discrimination as well which only added to her struggles but also encouraged her to continue to use the strength that her ancestors passed down to her. Ella Baker faced great resistance from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference headed by Martin Luther King Jr. because she was a woman and men didn’t care for taking advice from women. In this way, Ella Baker faced a fight for racial rights as well as gender rights. Ella Baker was responsible for organizing ordinary people to fight for equality. She is credited with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) which mobilized ordinary people to join the Civil Right fight despite the challenges that they faced. Throughout her activist activities and numerous speeches, she urged ordinary people to find the strength to identify one thing that needed changing and work on it a little at a time. She emphasized to crowds that each person had something to give and these little bits could add up to huge changes. Ella Baker’s most important contribution to the world was her untiring dedication to the Civil Rights movement. Drawing upon the strength that her family members instilled in her gave her the power to continue the fight even when times were tough. She was one of the pioneers of the Civil Rights Movement and Grant’s book details her great contributions. One important characteristic that gave Ella Baker so much of her strength was her ability to work towards equality without calling attention to herself. Baker didn’t focus on the work of individuals. Instead, she focused on the great things that could be accomplished when people worked together to make changes. As a result, Baker was often at odds with other (primarily male) civil rights activists because she was more focused on getting things done than reveling in the glory of accomplishment. Grant’s inclusion of primary and secondary sources only lends to the credibility of strength that she presents in her book. African American people have relied on songs and rhymes throughout history in order to gain strength during struggles. Grant’s inclusion of several of these short songs shows just how important strength was to Ella Baker and the many avenues she used to draw upon the strength of her family members. Grant’s use of personal remembrances of Ella Baker goes further to show her character and depth of her strength in her constant battle to gain equality for all people. If these accounts were not included in the book, the theme of strength wouldn’t be displayed as well as Grant was able to show. The use of primary and secondary sources give further evidence about the person that Ella Baker was and allow readers to gain a true picture of the kind of person that Ella Baker really was. Throughout the book, Ella Baker demonstrated her â€Å"belief in the ability of people to take control of their lives and lead themselves. † Joanne Grant realized the importance of telling the world about Ella Baker. Grant had first hand experience with the work of Ella Baker and the important contributions she made to the Civil Rights Movement. Grant witnessed Baker’s ability to set herself apart in order to build upon inner strength to find one’s path in life. Ella Baker was no stranger to resistance based on both her race and her gender and Grant knew that her story needed to be told so her name could be associated with the great work that was done throughout the Civil Rights Movement. The role of black women is underrepresented in non fiction and Grant took it upon herself to share her opinion of Ella Baker with readers. Ella Baker: Freedom Bound is a book that will open the eyes of readers learning about the Civil Rights. It will show the struggle that African Americans went through to gain equality but also the struggle that women went through. Grant paints a vivid picture of the strength that Ella Baker had despite constant challenges to keep her from reaching her goals. This book emphasizes that strength is necessary when one is fighting such an important battle. Ella Baker becomes the model of persistence through her dedication to equality and her willingness to keep fighting no matter what. She didn’t let men or white people keep her from working towards her vision of equal rights. This book is highly recommended to those who wish to gain a clear but different perspective on what it was like to be an activist during the Civil Rights Movement fighting for both racial and gender equality. Grant, Joanne. â€Å"Ella Baker: Freedom Bound. 1998. 17 Nov 2008 . Hamilton, Grace Towns & Robinson, Ruby Doris Smith. â€Å"Book excerpts: Three women’s voices from the annals of the civil rights struggle. † The New Crisis April: 1. Omatseye, Sam. â€Å"Ella Baker: A Civil Rights Angel. † Urban Spectrum. 2006. 17 Nov 2008 .

Portfolio Recovery Associates, An Account Executive

I am currently employed at Portfolio Recovery Associates as an Account Executive. I begin working for this company in 2008 as an account representative. Portfolio Recovery Associates strives to be a leader in the consumer debt collection industry. The company is distinguished by continuous innovation, strong customer focus, and cultures of integrity and compliance. The company was founded by four bankers in 1996. Since Portfolio was founded in 1996, it has grown to become one of the largest debt buying companies in the US. Portfolio Recovery Associates buys the debt then reach out to the debtors to try and help them resolve it. Debt collection is not easy job and can be very stressful. While trying to collect the debt we have consumer protection laws we have to abide by. When I started in 2008 there were always rules and regulations that had to be followed but over time things changed, one of the major challenges we had to face was in communication. In the past we were able to use our automated dialer system to call debtors land line, times have change majority of the people have dropped land lines and are now using cell phones. There are laws in place where you cannot call a cell phone using an automated system it has to be done manually. When the law changed it slowed us down dramatically, and it was hard adapting to that change. We went from speaking with 300 debtors a day to 40 which was very hard. We overcame that challenge. 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